ஆசிரியர்கல்வி அவர்களது அறிவுத் தரநிலையை மேம்படுத்துவது மட்டுமன்றி மூன்று கட்டத்திலான ஆசிரியர் தரநிலையைத் தொடர்புபடுத்திய பகுப்பாய்வு
கப்டன் பொன்னம்பலநாதன் துஜீவ்
ntw;wpfukhd
fw;ww;Ngw;Wf;F Mrpupau;fSf;F mtrpakhdit rhjhuzkhdtu;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glhJ NghtJld;
mtu;fSf;fhd fy;tp vd;gJ rpwpjstpyhd Kiwrhu; fy;tpNahL
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glf;$banjd;Wk; Mrpupau; fy;tp nghJthf vs;sp eifahlg;glf;$ba xU
jd;ikiaAk; ehk; eilKiwapNy fhz;fpNwhk;. cz;ikapy; ghuk;gupakhd Mrpupau;
fy;tpahdJ Fiwe;jstpyhd njhlu;Gil gug;Gf;fis mZfpapUg;gJk; njhlu;gpy;yhg; gug;gpidj;
njhl;Lepw;gJk; ,f;$w;wpid tYthf;fyhk;. Mapd;> ,t;thwhd fy;tp tYthf;fg;gl;Lk;
tpidj;jpwdhf;fg;gl;Lk; gpurtpf;fg;gLtJ fhyj;jpd; Njitahdnjhd;W. mj;Jld;
Mrpupau; fy;tpf;Fk; mtu;jk; fw;gpj;jYf;Fk; ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;Gfs; Ngzg;gLtijAk;
tpupthdJk; Kidg;GilaJkhd Nkw;ghu;itf;Fl;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapaw; Nfhl;ghLfNshL
njhlu;Gw;Wk; nray;tbtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Lk; neUf;fkhAk; gy;tifikAs;s
khztu;Fohj;jpidf; fUjpAk; tpUj;jpngWtJ Nehf;fw;ghyJ.
Mrpupau;
njhopy; thz;ikia Nkk;gLj;jw; nghUl;L gpd;tUk; juepiyfshfg; gpupTnfhs;syhk;:
1.
Kd;Nritf;fhyk; (Pre-
service)
2.
Nritf;fhyk; (In -
Service)
3.
ghlrhiy kl;lk; (School
Level)
Mrpupau; fy;tpapd; mtrpak;
Mrpupau;fs;
jkJ njhopy; njhlu;ghd mw;Gjkhd tplaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw
tFg;giwfspNy gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fk; Mrpupau; fy;tp NjitahdjhfpwJ. ,J vt;thW
khztu;fs; fw;fpwhu;fs; vd;fpw Gupjy;> nkhopia xUq;fpizj;j Kiwapay;>
cs;slf;f mwpT> fyhrhuk;> fw;wYf;fhd r%f R+oikTfs; Nghd;w gytplaq;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ. Mrpupau;fs; xt;nthU kdpjidAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tNjhL mtDs;Ns ,Uf;Fk;
Md;khitAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;> me;j Md;khTf;Fupa Nghrpg;gpid cupa kPbwdpy;
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. MfNt> mjw;fhf mtu;fSf;F tpidj;jpwdhd tFg;giwr; nraw;ghLfis
Kfhik nra;tjw;F jpwd;fspd; Njitg;ghLs;sJld;> ed;whfj; njhlu;ghly;
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;> njhopEl;gpidg; gad;nfhs;sTk; > jkJ njhopypy; gpujpgypg;G
Nkw;nfhz;L Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzTk; Kay Ntz;ba mtrpak; cz;L.
rkfhy
r%fj;jpy; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhjJ Nghd;W fy;tpf;fhd epakq;fs; mjpfupj;Jf;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit jdpegu; ntw;wpapypUe;J xU Njrj;jpd; ntw;wp tiu
Kf;fpakhdjhtNjhL midj;J fw;wy; tsq;fSf;Fs;Sk;
MrpupaUila jpwd;fs; tpNrlkhf kpf mtrpakhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ftjid
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. Mrpupau;fs; ntWkNd
mwpTWj;jy;fNshL kl;Lk; epd;WtplhJ gy;tif khztu;fs; kw;Wk; rpf;fy; epiwe;j
fw;ww;rhjdq;fis tpidj;jpwDld; ifahStjw;Fupa topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ftjw;Fupa Njit
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. rpy jrhgjq;fSf;F Kd; xUrpy khztu;fSf;F kl;Lg;ghlhapUe;j Higher
Order Thinking Process ,d;W midtUf;FKupajha; khwpapUf;fpd;wjdhy; mjw;Nfw;wJk;
,Ugj;Njhuhk; E}w;whz;Lf;Fupa fw;ww; Nju;r;rpfSf;Nfw;w tifapy; Maj;jq;fisr;
nra;aNtz;ba NjitAk; cs;sJ. khztu;fspd; mbg;gil mwpTf;F Nkyjpfkhf - Nkyjpfkhd
jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;Fupa gbKiwfisj; jahu; nra;tjw;Fk; fsj;Jf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd> cjtf;$ba cj;jpfis mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fkhd Njit Mrpupau;fSf;F cz;L.
vy;yhtw;wpidAk; tpl khztu;fs; mtu;jk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jypy; vJ rpwe;jJ vd;gijj;
njhl(u) Ntz;ba Njit cz;L.
ftdpf;fg;glNtz;bait:
- Kw;jpl;lkply;
- khztu; kjpg;gPL
- tFg;giwr; r%fKk; xOq;fikg;Gk;
- cl;gLj;jw;fy;tp
- ghl mwpTk; KiwapaYk;
- njhopy;thz;ikf;Fupa milahsk;
- fw;gpj;jYf;fhd ,yf;F
mj;NjhL
vz;kakhf;fg;gLk; mwpT> kpd;dpay; njhopDl;gj;jpd; tYthd nraw;ghL> njhopy;
epWtdq;fSk; ghlrhiyfSk; $l;lhf ,ize;J nraw;gLjy;> mwptpd; cw;gj;jp>
mwptpd; gutyhf;fk;> mwpT Kfhikj;Jtk; %d;Wk; xd;wpizjy;> virtual
university gyehLfspd; khztu;fSf;F rkfhyj;jpy; fw;gpj;jy;> kpd;dpay;
El;gj;jpdhy; kpftpiutpy; Gjpa mwpT MrpupaiuAk; khztiuAk; nrd;wiljy; MfpadTk;
cau; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
(rpd;dj;jk;gp> kh> Mrpupa
Kfhikj;Jtk;)
vdNt>
ghlrhiyfs; fw;wy;> r%f> fyhrhu R+oikTfs; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy; gw;wpa
gue;jstpyhd Mokhd Gupe;Jzu;itf; fl;bnaOg;gpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; gy;tifikAs;s>
rpf;fy;fs; epiwe;j khztu;fisAk; mtu;jk;
R+oikitAk; rpwg;ghff; ifahs;tjw;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; rpwg;ghd KiwapNy
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gly; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. ,e;jg; gzpapNy mtu;fSf;F ntw;wp tha;g;G
fpl;lNtz;Lkhdhy;> Mrpupau;fshf cs;thq;fg;gl Kd;du; mtu;fsJ gapw;rpfSk;
thz;ik tpUj;jpAk; epiwthf;fg;gLtjid Njrpa fy;tpf; fy;Y}upfs;> Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfk;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; Mfpait
cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. mit ghlrhiyfNshL kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpidg; NgZtJld;
rkfhyj;jpd; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f Njit mwpe;J khztu;fs; 21Mk; E}w;whz;bd;
Nju;r;rpfisg; ngWtjw;F Mrpupa fy;tpahsu;fs; nghWg;Gil nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf kpspu
Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; Mrpupa fy;tpapayhsu;fs; khw;wq;fSf;fhd tYthd
khjpupiffis cUthf;Ftjpy; $Ljy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jypy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mOj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf
ftdk; nrYj;jg;glYk; mtrpakhdJ.
Fullan> M,
(1993)
Kw;Nritf;fy
Mrpupau; fy;tp.
,tu;fs;
%d;W tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;:
1.
Kd;gs;sp
2.
Muk;gepiy
3.
,ilepiy
kw;Wk; rpNu\;l ,ilepiy
tFg;giwfspNy
Mrpupau;fspd; tfpgq;F gw;wp mtu;jk; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;Nf
jPu;khdpf;fpwjdhy; Mrpupau;fy;tpapy;
mwpTj;juepiyiaf; fl;baikg;gjw;fhd gytopfs; cs;sd. mtu;fs; - fw;gtu;fspd;
mwpT kw;Wk; mtu;fs; vt;thW nkhop mjhtJ cupa ntspg;ghLfis khztu;Kd; epWj;jTk;
Njitahd nghOjpdpy; nksdk; fhf;fTk; nkhopiag; gad;gLj;jhj jiyairT> clyirT>
irif Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; mtu;fs; gof;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gw;wpa mwpT cl;gl r%f R+oy;fspy; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;>
tsu;fpwhu;fs;> xOf;fk;> khztu; Njitfs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; r%f Nehf;fq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; ghq;fpy; fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;baJk; mwpT kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; cl;gl
ghlj;jpl;l cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffs; gw;wpa GupjYk;> cw;gj;jpj; jpwd;
nfhz;l tFg;giwia vt;thW cUthf;FtJ kw;Wk; epu;tfpg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; mf;fiw
nfhs;s topg;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. fw;gtu;fs;> cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; fw;gpj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNaahd ,e;j ,iltpidfs; eilKiwf;fhd ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd epge;jidfshy;
fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd: Kjypy; fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ rpy jhu;kPf kw;Wk; njhopEl;g
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfisf; nfhz;l xU njhopy; vd;gJ kWf;fKbahjJ vd;gJld; khztu;fspd;
rhu;ghf gfpug;gl;l mwpit njhlu;e;J tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdJ.
,uz;lhtjhf> fy;tp vd;gJ [dehafj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ra
fw;wiy Cf;Ftpf;ff;$baJk; J}z;lf;$ba cj;jpfisAk; mtu;jk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; khztu;
mwpitTk; ,izf;fj;jf;f cj;jpfisAk;
Mrpupau;fs; ifahs topg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ khztu;fs; cupa
Neuj;jpy; ghuhl;bidg; ngwTk; mtu;jk; fUj;J Vw;fg;glTk; Gd;dif nfhs;sTk;
Mrpupau; gofy; capNuhl;lj;jpid tFg;gpDs; cs;thq;Fk;. NkYk; nghUj;jkhd glq;fs;
tiuGfisg; gad;gLj;Ltjdhy; khztu; ftdk; <u;f;fg;gLk; vd;w Gupjy;
cUthf;fg;gLtJld; rpwe;j njhlu;ghlw;jpwd;fs; mtu;fShL fl;bnaOg;gg;glTk; mjD}L
ghlj;jpid Iak; jpupgw tpgupf;Fk; jpwDk; tsu;j;njLf;fg;gly; mtrpakhdJ.
NkYk;
Mrpupau;fshy; kjpg;gPl;bid rupahf Nkw;nfhs;tjhw;Fupa mwpT> jpwdpd; NjitAk;
mtw;iw vg;gb> vg;NghJ gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd gapw;rpj; NjitAk;
mtu;fSf;F cs;sJ. mj;Jld; mspf;ifj; jpwd;fs;> njhlu;ghlw; jpwd;fs;>
tpdhTk; jpwd;> rpW FO Kiwf; fw;gpj;jw;wpwd;> MfpadTk;
tsu;j;njLf;fg;glNtz;baJ mtrpak; MfpwJ.
Nritf;fhy
Mrpupau; fy;tp
Nritf;fhy
Mrpupau; fy;tpahdJ kpFe;j ftdj;NjhLk; Kiwikf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Lk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLtJld; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wf;$ba njspthd jPu;khdq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. mtu;fs; Kd;dwpT> kdg;ghq;Ffs;>
vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffis Kw;gLj;jp rpwe;j fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jYf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rkfhyj;
njhopEl;gAfj;jpd; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jpnra;Ak; tifapy; mtu;jk; mwpT> jpwd;>
kdg;ghq;F fl;likf;fg;gLtJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJk; mtrpakhfpwJ.
ftdpf;fg;glNtz;bait:
·
njhopEl;gj;jpid
jkJ njhopy;rhu; mwpNthL njhlu;GgLj;Jk; ,aYik
·
ghl
cs;slf;fj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik mspg;gJk; Kiwapay; cs;slf;fq;fSf;fhd njhlu;gpid mwpjYk;
·
njhopEl;gj;jpidg;
gad;gLj;jp njhopy;rhu; mwpit rthYf;Fl;gLj;Jjy;
·
gytifahd
njhopEl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba ty;yik
·
Gjpa
mwptpidg; ngWjy; kw;W}k; Gjpa fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fspd; Nju;r;rp
·
Gjpa
neUf;fbfisf; ifahSk; jpwd;fs;.
Mf
fiyj;jpl;lk; jahupg;NghUk; mij nraw;gLj;JNthUk; njhopEl;gj;Jf;Fk; rkfhyj; jpwd;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlu;gpid mwpe;J nraw;gl Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhfpwJ.
NkYk;
tpisjpwdhf Mrpupau;fis khw;Wtjw;F Mrpupau;fis xd;wpize;j njhopEl;gj;jpDs;
tpUj;jpahf;fy; Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;fs; jdpj;Jtkhf fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidAk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; epiyiaAk; njhopEl;gj;ij jdpj;Jtkhf
tpsq;fp> mf;fiw nfhz;L> Nkk;gLj;Jk; NghJ mit rupahd jpl;lkpliy Nehf;fp
efu;j;Jk;.
(gpul;N\h> 2002).
Mrpupau;fy;tpapid
tskhf;Ftjw;F> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; Ra ek;gpf;iffspy; gpujpgypg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;W Ma;Tfs; $Wfpd;wd (Nghu;f;NfhTk; Gl;dKk;> 1995) Mrpupau;fs; jkJ
thz;ikj;njhopypd; khw;W ek;gpf;iffspYk; <LgLfpd;w NghJ mitnjhlu;ghd;
gpujpgypg;Gf;fs; khztu;fy;tpapy; Neu;j;jhf;fnkhd;iw Vw;gLj;Jk;. (wpr;rhl;rDk; gpNsrpaUk;> 2001)
Mf>
Mrpupau;fs; nrayku;Tfs;> fUj;juq;Ffs; tsthsu;fisf; nfhz;L njhlu;fy;tp
ngWtjw;Fupa Mrpau; epiyaq;fs; tYg;gLj;jg;g;LtJld; gpe;njhlu;
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtJk; efUk; fy;tp myFfs;>
njhiyf;fy;tpf;Fupa Vw;ghLfs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fy;tp %ykhd fy;tp kw;Wk; Bed, PGDE, MEd
Nghd;w ghlnewpfShLk; Muha;r;rpfShLk; tYthf;fk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld;
mtu;fsJ njhlu; fw;wy; Mu;tKk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL
mtu;fs; Njitapd; nghUl;L scaffolding cjtp toq;fg;gLjYk; Cf;Ftpg;Gg;gbfs; mt;tg;NghJ
toq;fg;gLjYk; mj;jpahtrpakhdJ. NkYk;
mtu;fs; Muha;r;rpahsu;fshd tfpgq;fpid vLg;gj;w;Fupa gapw;rpfSk; Cf;Ftpg;Gk;
ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL ghlepGzu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs; mtu;fis
Kd;Ndhf;fp efu;j;Jk;.
tof;fkhf
Mrpupau;fs; jj;jkJ Njittplaq;fis milahsq; fhz;gjpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wpUg;gu;.
me;jf; Fjpiuiaj; jl;bnaOg;gTk; Nritf;fhy Mrpupau; fy;tp toq;FNthu; Kida
Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupau;fs;
fiyj;jpl;lk; rhu;e;J rkfhy tplaq;fis cl;gLj;jTk; Ra gpujpgypg;G njhlu;ghd MtYk;
NjlYk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Gjpad GFj;JtjpNy mtu;fs;
fl;l;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspilNa tpupthf;f trjpfs; mjpfupf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL epWtq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,izg;Gf;fs; Nkk;gLj;jg;g;Ltjd; %yk;
mtu;fs; tYthf;fk; ngwKbAk;.
,t;thwhd
re;ju;g;gq;fspnyy;yhk; mtu;fspd; mwpT Kjpu;r;rp ftdj;jpnyLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
mLj;J
Mrpupau;fs; tpupTiu Kiw> FOKiw> fUj;juq;Ffs;> nrayku;Tfs;>
gapyuq;Ffs;> nraw;wpl;lk; Nghd;w gy;tifikAs;s fw;wy; Kiwfisj; Njitapd;
epkpj;jk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
xt;nthU
KiwapYk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l tpNrl jpwd;fs;> xOq;F> typAWj;jy;>
Mw;Wg;gLj;jw; gapw;rp Mfpatw;iwf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Nehf;fkhdJ vl;lg;gLtj;w;Fupa
toptiffis Mrpupau; ifahs;tJ mtrpakhfpwJ.
,jd;NghJ
khztu; fw;wy;> mtu;fNshlhd ,iltpidAwT> Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; jiyikj;Jtk;> khztu; <LghL Mfpad
fUj;jpnyLf;fg;gLk;.
NkYk;
Mrpupau;fSf;fhd jpwd;fshfpa VyNt jahu;nra;J newpg;gLj;jTk; njspthd
Nehf;fq;fspd; ghy; topg;gLj;jTk; rupahd cghaKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;sTk; ghl
cs;slf;fj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk; xOq;FgLj;jTk;> rupahd Kiwapaiyf; ifahsTk;
tpdhTjw; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jTk; Mokhd Njlyfs;> cz;ik kPjhd Kidg;G>
kjpEl;gk;> Gj;jhf;fr; rpe;jidapd; tsu;r;rp MfpadTk; Cf;fk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ghlrhiy
kl;lj;jpy; Mrpupau; fy;tp
ghlrhiy
vd;gJ fy;tpj; Njl;lk;nfhz;l $lkhtJld; xU kdpjdpd; KOikahd tsu;r;rpf;F tsk;
Nru;g;gjhk;. mtw;wpd; Mrpupau; fy;tpf;fd gzp kfj;jhdJ.
cz;ikapy;
cs;s tsq;fspd; cjtpNahL rpW FOf;fshff; fw;wYf;fhd Vw;ghLfs;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.
xU
nraw;jpl;lk; rhu;e;J njhopw;gLtjw;Fwpa tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gly;
Mrpupau;fis xU Fwpj;j Nehf;fj;jpd; ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;. mj;NjhL ,dq;fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F rhjfkhdJk;
rhj;jpakhdJkhdJkhd jPu;Tfs; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gly; mtrpakhfpwJ. nray;epiy
Ma;TfSf;Fupa tha;g;GfSk; Cf;fKk; ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
GJikfs; gpwf;Fk; NghJ mtw;iw nraw;gLj;jp kfpo;tjw;Fupa tha;g;G Vw;fg;gly;
,d;Dk; mtu;jk; jpwd;fis ntspf;nfhzUk;.
mJkl;Lky;yhJ
ghlrhiyfspd; E}yfq;fs; Mrpupau; fy;tptpUj;jpf;Fupa E}w; Njl;lj;ijf;
nfhz;bUg;gNjhL Mrpupau; Xa;tiwfs; kfpo;r;rpfukhditahfTk; MNuhf;fpakhd
fye;JiuahlYf;FupajhAk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ Mrpupau;fSf;F
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tpidj;jpwDkhd ntspaPLf;Fupa NjitAk; Nkw;nrhd;d %d;W fl;lq;fspYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gLtJld; rpwg;ghd Mrpupau; tsu;r;rp mtu;rhu;e;j r%fj;jpd; vOr;rpahk;.
crhj;Jizfs;:
- rpd;dj;jk;gp, kh (%yk;)> g.,uhN[];tud; (njhFg;ghrpupau;). aho;g;ghzk;: jpdf;Fuy; gj;jpupif epWtdk;> 1tJ gjpg;G> 2009. aho;g;ghzk;: Rugp gjpg;gfk;)
- Mrpupak;> (2011 rQ;rpif)> Mrpupau; fy;tpapd; Njit> mftpop> nfhOk;G – 07
- Mrpupau; fy;tp> (2019)> Mrpupau; fy;tpapd; Njit.
- Fullan, M. (1993). Why teachers must become change agents.
- Bradshaw, L.K. (2002). Technology for Teaching and Learning
- Borko & Putnum (1996)Teacher learning: Implications of new views of cognition
- Richardson, V., & Placiar, L.,
(2001) Pre- service Teachers’ beliefs.
- Baumgartner, F., Koerner, M., & Rust, F. (2002). Exploring roles in student teaching placements.
- Benner, A. D. (2000). The cost of teacher turnover.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2001). The challenge of staffing our schools.
- Gallego, M. A. (2001). Is experience the best teacher?
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