ஒரு நாட்டின் அரசாங்கம் உறுதியாக இருப்பதற்கு சனநாயக அரசியல் முறைமை அவசியம், அதற்கு சனநாயகத்திற்கான கல்வி ( "Education for democracy" ) எல்லாப் பாடசாலைகளிலும் கற்பிக்கப்படல் வேண்டும்.

கப்டன் பொன்னம்பலநாதன் துஜீவ் 

[dehafKk; fy;tpAk; vd;Dk; vz;zg;ghq;F cz;ikapy; ^apaplkpUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhk;. vt;thW mu;j;jk; nghjpe;jnjhU tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tJ vd;gJ njhl;L me;j tho;f;iff;F fy;tp vt;thwhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fKbAk; vd;gjpy; jhd; ^apapd; mDgtf;fw;ifAk; R+o;epiyAk; njhlu;GWfpwJ. cz;ikapy; ,e;j vz;zg;ghq;F xU r%f khw;wj;jpw;Fupa nek;GNfhyhdnjdyhk;. mit ^apapd; fUj;Jg;gb rktha;g;gpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjhk;.

fy;tp vd;gJ cz;ikapy; gy xt;thj;jd;ikfspd; Ntw;Wikapd; jpul;rpf;Fs;spUe;J kdpjhgpkhd mbg;gilapy; xw;Wik fhz;fpw xspA+l;Lfpd;w xU Kaw;rp vdyhk;. fy;tpapD}L gfpu;jy;> gq;nfLj;jy;> xj;Jioj;jy; Kd;dpWj;jg;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;.

^apapd; fUj;Jg;gb rpy r%fj;jpdupilNa fhzg;gLk; mwpahik vd;Dk; epoypy; jhd; nfhOj;jtupd; tpahghuk; elf;fpwnjd;Wk; gq;Nfw;gtu; me;j mDgt mwptpy; eypTw;Ws;s tiu murpay; khw;wk; xd;wpid Vw;gLj;j Kbahnjd;Wk;. khw;wj;Jf;fhd fUtp fy;tpNaahk; vd;W thjpl;lhu;.

Modern life means democracy, democracy means freeing intelligence for independent effectiveness-the emancipation of mind as an individual organ to do its own work. We naturally associate democracy, to be sure, with freedom of action, but freedom of action without freed capacity of thought behind it is only chaos. (John Dewey, 1903)

You can't have meaningful political democracy without functioning economic democracy.                                                                              Noam Chomsky

 

yup lakz;l;(2004) vd;gtu; [dehafk; vd;gJ epahakhd Nju;jy; %yk; Xu; murhq;fj;ijr; Rje;jpukhf njupTnra;tJk; khw;WtJk; xU ehl;bd; nraw;ghLs;s gpuirfshf murpaypYk; Fbapay; tho;f;ifapYk; ,Uf;ff;$ba gq;Nfw;G vd;Wk; midj;J kdpj cupikfisAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghL vd;Wk; rl;lk;> rl;l eltbf;iffs; midj;J gpuirfspYk; rkkhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba Vw;ghL vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

[dehafk; vd;gJ tpthjq;fs; %yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; xU tho;f;if KiwahFk;. ,J xU r%f xOq;F Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fshyhd Xu; xOq;FKiwahFk;.

fy;tpapy; [dehafk; vd;gJ khztu; jj;jkJ njupTfisr; Rje;jpukhf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; jPu;khdk; vLj;jypy; rk gfpu;itAk; mtu;jk; cupikfisAk; cWjp nra;aTk; fy;tpr;rhiyfspNy (ghlrhiyfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; cs;spl;l) iff;nfhs;fpw Vw;ghL MFk;. mJ mtuJk; mtu; rhu;e;jtu;fsJk; mtu; thOk; r%fj;jpdJk; Njitfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; xU Vw;ghLk; MFk;. mJ $l;Lzu;Ts;s> nefpo;Tj; jd;ikAs;s njwpg;Gs;s jdpad;fis tpUj;jpnra;fpwJ. jhd; tpUk;gpajidj; njupT nra;aTk; mJ nry;newpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; mtUf;F cupik cz;L. rdehafKs;s fy;tpr;rhiyfspy;  nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fy;tp> kd;wq;fs;- fofq;fs;> FOthff; fw;wy;> Ra kjpg;gPL>  njhopy;topg;gLj;jy;> fy;tp topg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; khztu; <LgLj;jg;gLtu;.

 

fy;tpapy; [dehafk; vd;gJ jdpj;J Rje;jpuj;jpNdhLk; Gj;jpf;$u;ikAld; kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhJ Ntiy nra;gtu; jdf;Fupa Ntjdj;jpidf; Nfhupg; ngWtij Cf;Ftpg;gjhAk; cs;sJ.

MfNt> fy;tpapy; khw;wj;ij my;yJ mlu;j;jpahd [dehafj;ij nra;tjw;fhd jpwid tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sNtz;baJk;  [dehafk; njhlu;ghf mjpfhuj;ijAk; NtWghl;ilAk; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk;  r%f ePjpia fy;tp kw;Wk; [dehafj;Jld; ,izf;Fk; tpku;rd kw;Wk; mu;j;jKs;s fy;tp mDgtj;ij tsu;g;gJk; Kf;fpak; tfpf;fpwJ.

,it ntWkNd Rje;jpuk;> njupT kw;Wk; thf;fpLjy; Mfpatw;wpNdhL kl;Lg;gLtdtd;W. fy;tpapy; [dehafk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; gpupTfisAk; thf;nfLg;G nrad;KiwfisAk; jkJ jiytiuj; njupTnra;tjw;Fupa kf;fSila rpe;ijiaAk; Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fk;A+dprk;> Nrhryprk;> ru;thjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Rnal;irf;FO Nghd;w gpw rhj;jpaf;$WfSf;F khwhf> [dehafk; cyfpd; rpwe;j mikg;G vd;gij mtu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;.

khwhf xU tho;f;if Kiwahfj; jpfo Ntz;ba [dehafk; rkfhyj;jpy; ntspehLfspd; kPJ gilnaLj;jy;> Nghu;fis mwptpg;gJ> Rw;Wr;R+oiy Ruz;LtJ> kw;Wk; ngUepWtdq;fspd; Njitfis kf;fspd; Njitfis tpl mjpfkhf itg;gJ cl;gl gy Nfs;tpf;Fupa eilKiwfis Mjupf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ kpFe;j Ntjidf;FupaJ.

,d;W [dehafk; vd;gJ cau;e;j mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;L gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth  nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; murhq;fkhfNt khwpapUf;fpwJ. mJ cz;ikapy; kf;fspd; tpUg;Gf;Fupa vjw;Fk; ,lkspg;gjhf Ntz;Lk;. (Beane & Apple, 2007) cynfq;fpYk; cs;Nshiu [dehafj;jpw;F miog;G tpLg;gJ vd;gJ kw;wtu;fspd; nrytpy; jq;fs; nrhe;j eyd;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j> jq;fs; nrhe;j eyd;fis Kd;ndLf;f miog;G tpLg;gtu;fspd; kiwKf Kaw;rp. (iulu;> 2007).

[dehafk; vd;gJ ntWkNd xU murpay; nrad;Kiw vd;w NkNyhl;lkhd fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F khwhf> [dehafk; vd;gJ xU newpKiw ,yl;rpak;> mJ capu;tho;tjw;F Ntz;Lnkd;Nw tsu;f;fg;gLtNjhL [dehaf r%fq;fspy; ghlrhiyfspd; mbg;gil gq;F xU [dehaf tho;f;if Kiwiaj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd gof;fq;fs;> kjpg;Gfs;> kdepiyfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

cz;ikapy; mjpf nghWg;Gf;$wy;> mjpfg;gbahd ru;tNjr Nghl;b kw;Wk; nghJg; nghUl;fspd; jdpahu;kakhf;fy; Mfpatw;wpd; jw;Nghija R+oypy;> fy;tpf;Fk; [dehafj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kf;fpakhd cwit ehk; kwe;Jtpl;Nlhk;.nghJf; fy;tpapy; [dehafj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ijAk; fw;gpj;jy;> khztu; ghuhSkd;wk; Nghd;w khjpupifahf;fk; kw;Wk; xU [dehaf tho;f;if Kiwia epiyepWj;Jtjpy; ghlrhiyfspd; gq;fspg;gpid ehk; cWjpnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mNjNtis jdpg;gl;l cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gNjhL kw;wtu;fs; kPjhd flikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;GfSld; rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;jpidAk; Gfl;l Ntz;baJk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

[dehafk; xU tho;f;if Kiw> mJ “xU ,yl;rpak; kw;Wk; ajhu;j;jk;" (lhy;> 2015)>  “xU murhq;f tbtj;ij tpl NkyhdJ” (John Dewey, 1916)

[dehafk; Kjd;ikahf xU njhlu;Gila tho;f;if Kiw> xUq;fpize;j jfty;njhlu;G mDgtkhFk; ,jd; tiuaiwfSf;F tof;fkhd tpthjk;> kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; Ma;T Njitg;gLfpwJ.

gfpug;gl;l eyd;fis milahsk; fhzTk;> gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f xd;wpize;J gzpahw;wTk;> midtuplKk; rpwe;jij ntspf;nfhzUk; xd;whf thOk; topfis cUthf;fTk; xU r%fj;jpy; cs;s kf;fspd; $l;L rhu;G mbg;gilapy; [dehafq;fs; fl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd. (N[hd; ^ap> 1916) MapDk; [dehaf r%fq;fspy; kjpg;GfSf;F ,ilNa vg;NghJk; gjw;wq;fs;> rthy;fs; kw;Wk; Nkhjy;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;wpNy kw;wtu;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; rpy Rahl;rpf;fhd cWjpg;ghl;il vt;thW rkepiyg;gLj;JfpNwhk; vd;gJjhd; tpthjpf;fNtz;banjhd;W. [dehaf r%fq;fspd; milahsq;fspy; xd;W. mit jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpia mjpfupf;fNt Kay;fpd;wd vdpDk;> Fwpj;j Xh; xw;iwg; ghu;itia mtu;fs; kPJ jpzpf;fhky; jdpegu;fspd; jpwidg; ghJfhf;fTk; Ngh\pf;fTk; [dehafk; Kay Ntz;Lk;.

[dehaf fy;tpj; jj;Jtthjpfs; [dehafj;jpw;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT Fwpj;J jhuhsthj kw;Wk; ,lJrhup Kd;Ndhf;FfSf;F ,ilapyhd gy epiyg;ghLfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;> rkfhyj;jpy; [dehafj;jpw;F jw;NghJs;s mr;RWj;jy;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> jdpegu; eydpd; kPJ kl;Lky;y> nghJeydpd; kPjhd ekJ mf;fiwia ehk; Gupe;Jnfhs;sNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J epyTfpd;wJ.

xUGwk;> [dehafk; vd;gJ epr;rakhd xU murpay; mikg;G.  kWGwk;> mij tpl> tsu;j;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba xU Mf;fG+u;tkhd nrad;Kiwahf kf;fs; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy;> ,J ntWkNd vkJ %jhijau; vkf;F tpl;Lg;Nghd nfhil my;y vd;w Gupjy; fy;tpA+L fl;bnaOg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfs; %yk;jhd; ehk; [dehafj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwhk;> kw;wtu;fSldhd mu;g;gzpg;igAk;> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; nghJikthj tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd mwpT kw;Wk; $l;Lg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd nrad;KiwfisAk; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.

^apiag; nghWj;jtiu> [dehafk; vd;gJ tsu;e;J tUk;> Mf;fG+u;tkhd kw;Wk; $l;LwT tho;f;if KiwahFk;> mJ capu;tho;tjw;F ghlrhiyfs; gq;fhw;w Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpaw;; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F jq;fs; kdij ed;F gad;gLj;jf;$ba> mjd; %yk; jq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s cyfj;ij ,d;Dk; epahakhd> rkkhd kw;Wk; epiwthd topfspy; Gduikf;ff;$ba tpku;rd> gpujpgypg;G> jpwe;j kdKs;s rpe;jidahsu;fshf [dehaf Fbkf;fs; fw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

rkfhyj;jpy; ghlrhiyfspd; fy;tp Kiwik> nghUshjhuj; Njl;lk; my;yJ Ntiynahd;Wf;fhd fy;tpahf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sNj kpfr;rthyhdnjhd;whFk;. mtw;Wf;Nfw;w ghlj;jpl;l tbtikg;Gf;fshy; cz;ikapy; milaNtz;ba cd;djkhd [dehaf ,yf;Ffis ehk; mila KbahJ Ngha;tpLfpNwhk;. ,d;iwa fy;tp khztu;fs; [dehaf gpui[fshf tsu cjttpy;iy> Vnddpy; nghJthf khztu;fSf;F kdg;ghlk; nra;a kw;Wk; guPl;irfSf;F  epidTgLj;Jtjw;F jfty; Jz;lq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd> mt;tsTjhd;. tuyhW> jw;Nghija epfo;Tfs;> murpay; mikg;Gfs;> mjpfhuj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; cyfshtpa ,af;ftpay; gw;wp tpku;rd uPjpahf rpe;jpf;f fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F gjpyhf> gj;jpfs; thrpg;Gj; jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU topahf toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

khwhf> khztu;fs; jftywpe;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; rpe;jpg;gtu;fshf tuyhW kw;Wk; [dehafj;jpd; mbg;gil epfo;r;rpg;Nghf;Ffs; gw;wpa xU Gupjy; nfhz;ltu;fshf; nghJ kw;Wk; r%f gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa  kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;itf; nfhz;ltu;fshf; jfty;fisg; ngwTk;> tpku;rd uPjpahf rpe;jpf;fTk;> ntt;NtW fz;Nzhl;lq;fSld; kw;wtu;fspilNa ciuahlypy; <LgLk; jpwd; nfhz;ltu;fshf khzth;fis tbtikf;fTk; Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjJ. mj;NjhL r%f> fyhrhu>  murpay; kw;Wk; kj eyd;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffspd; tupiria eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf gzpGupAk; mikg;Gfspy; cWg;gpdu; my;yJ gq;fspg;Gfs; %yk; jq;fs; r%fq;fspy; gq;Nfw;fTk; mtu;fs; Cf;fg;g;Lj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

NkYk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;> nghJ ntspapy; NgRjy;> kDf;nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jy;> thf;fspg;gJ Nghd;w nghJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fs;> mwpT kw;Wk; mu;g;gzpg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gjd; %yk; murpay; uPjpahf nraw;gLk; gf;Ftk; mtu;fspy; <l;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; kw;wtu;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; eydpy; mf;fiw> r%fg; nghWg;G> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik kw;Wk; kupahij kw;Wk; GJikia Vw;gLj;Jk; jpwdpy; ek;gpf;if Nghd;w jhu;kPf kw;Wk;  ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; mtrpakhfpwJ.

[dehafj;jpd; vjpu;fhyk; ekJ fy;tp Kiwapd; juj;Jld; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. [dehaf r%fq;fSf;F gof;ftof;fq;fs;> kdg;Nghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfis fw;gpf;Fk; Kiwik Njit. [dehaf tho;f;ifia ehk; vt;thW Gupe;Jnfhs;fpNwhk; vd;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gjw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> [dehafk; xU Mgj;jhd Mdhy; rf;jptha;e;j kw;Wk; Mw;wy;kpf;f newpKiw ,yl;rpak; vd;gjhy; gd;Kfj;jd;ikf;F kj;jpapy; ehk; vt;thW xd;whf tho Ntz;Lk;> xUtUf;nfhUtu; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; midj;J kf;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpuq;fis tpupTgLj;j nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd xU tifahd jhu;kPf jpirfhl;bia ,J vkf;F toq;FfpwJ. ,J rf kf;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;R+oy; kw;Wk; mikjp kw;Wk; r%f kw;Wk; murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; jdpg;gl;l Rahl;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lhLk; xU tho;f;if Kiwahf Mf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

cUthf;FtjpYk;> ehk; fw;gid nra;Ak; tifahd r%fj;ijf; nfhz;LtUtjpYk; nghJg; ghlrhiyfs;; vg;NghJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sd. nytpd;rd; (2012) tYthf thjpLtJ Nghy ek; kw;Wk; kw;wtu;fspd; Foe;ijfSf;F vt;thW fy;tp fw;gpg;gJ vd;gJ gw;wpa KbTfs; ,g;NghJ ehk; thOk; cyfj;ijg; gw;wp ehk; vt;thW fUJfpNwhk;> vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ehk; tho tpUk;Gk; cyfj;ij vt;thW cUthf;FtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j mtu;fspd; ,jaj;jpy; KbTfshFk;.

Crhj;Jizfs;:

1.    1.  Chomsky, M, Democracy and Education

2.      2. Beane, J. A., & Apple, M. W. (2007). The case for democratic schools.

3.      3. Dahl, R. A. (2015). On Democracy

4.      4. Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education.The Macmillan Company.

5.      http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/dewey.html]

6.      5. Levinson, M, (2012), No citizen left behind.

7.      6. Ryder, J. (2007) John Dewey, Democracy and a cosmopolitan ideal Americana

8.   7. rpd;dj;jk;gp, kh, fw;ww;njhFg;G (2022)

9.   8. John Dewey (1903), Democracy and Education

10.  9.  fy;tpAk; [dehafKk; - YouTube https://youtu.be/a4FHGbpWK8w

11.  10. kf;fs; [dehafk; (khu;f;rpak;-nydpdpak;) - jkpo; tpf;fpg;gPbah (wikipedia.org)

12.    11. Education & Democracy through Prism of Constitution கல்வியும் மக்களாட்சியும் அரசமைப்பின் பார்வையில்

13.   https://youtu.be/oLz72oI2CTU